Airsoft 101 / FAQ

J'ai trouvé quelques articles sur le net qui sont interressante si vous voulez vous documenté un peu sur le pourquoi du comment, lisez ceci.

Je fais un copier/collé, et c'est en anglais, désolé pour ceux qui ne lisent pas l'anglais.

Je vais mettre un article par post, et numéroté. Ce post sera barré, si vous avez des questions sur ces articles, vous aurez qu'a ouvrir un post mentionnant le numéro.


#1
Pourquoi un tightbore barrel ou des billes plus grosse donne plus de fps :
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For snipers, every little bit of accuracy helps. and the one of the most common upgrades found on a sniper rifle is an aftermarket precision barrel. But it is often disputed how effective these barrels are, and how tight is too tight.

The key factor is the space between the bb and the barrel. The more contact the BB makes with the barrel as it goes through it the more disruption there is to the hop-up. Therefore the tighter you go, eventually, the benefits of a tighter barrel become overshadowed by the downside of having too much disruption to the BB's backspin. There is a plus side though, the less space between the barrel and the BB the better seal the BB makes against the barrel and thus more efficiently turns the pressure behind it into BB exit velocity.

It is also important to use the correct size of BB for your barrel. It may not be to commonly known but different brands and batches of BBs have significantly different sizes of BBs. from 'large' 5.96-5.98mm diameter, to 'small' 5.90mm diameter or even less. For example let's have a look at these three brands of BBs; KSC 'perfect' 0.20g, Tokyo Marui's 0.20g BBs, Excel's 0.20g BB, a Chinese Brand called 'Goldenball' 0.20g, and lastly the new-on-the-market Madbull match grade 0.20g BBs. 15 of each were taken and measured precisely with a vernier caliper, then the average was calculated.

KSC	Tokyo Marui	Excel	Chinese(goldenball)	Madbull match grade
5.94mm	5.98mm	5.92mm	5.88mm	5.96mm
5.96mm	5.96mm	5.90mm	5.94mm	5.96mm
5.94mm	5.96mm	5.90mm	5.92mm	5.96mm
5.94mm	5.94mm	5.74mm	5.88mm	5.96mm
5.94mm	5.96mm	5.90mm	5.90mm	5.96mm
5.92mm	5.96mm	5.90mm	5.96mm	5.96mm
5.92mm	5.96mm	5.80mm	5.84mm	5.96mm
5.96mm	5.96mm	5.92mm	5.94mm	5.96mm
5.94mm	5.98mm	5.88mm	5.96mm	5.94mm
5.94mm	5.98mm	5.94mm	5.96mm	5.96mm
5.92mm	5.96mm	5.90mm	5.94mm	5.98mm
5.96mm	5.96mm	5.90mm	5.86mm	5.96mm
5.94mm	5.96mm	5.88mm	5.96mm	5.94mm
5.94mm	5.96mm	5.92mm	5.80mm	5.96mm
5.94mm	5.96mm	5.88mm	5.96mm	5.96mm
avg: 5.940 mm	avg: 5.963 mm	avg: 5.885 mm	avg: 5.913mm	avg: 5.959mm

Next, we calculate the standard deviation for the BB sizes:

KSC	Tokyo Marui	Excel	Chinese (goldenball)	Madbull match grade
0.013mm	0.010mm	0.051mm	0.051mm	0.009mm

It turns out that the KSC BBs were a 'medium' 5.940mm, the Tokyo Marui BBs were a larger 5.63mm and the Excel BBs had the most variation but were the smallest at 5.88mm. Goldenball BBs had a similar size variation than Excel but were larger at 5.913mm. Madbull match grade BBs were the most consistent with an amazingly low standard deviation of only 0.009mm.

Another aspect other than accuracy that the variance of BBs will have on the réplique is it's power. Consistent power is paramount to accuracy over long ranges as obviously, different powers result in different trajectories. Hypothetically a larger BB should provide a better seal in the barrel and show a marginal increase in velocity. We will also calculate the standard deviation of the velocity of the shots fired in order to show power consistency.

15 shots were fired of each type of BB through a PDI 6.01 tightbore to ensure that the barrel wasn't the cause of the deviation. A spring sniper (Tokyo Marui VSR10 G-Spec) was used as they are many times more consistent than gas sniper rifles. The test was done indoors at 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit) and the relative humidity at 82% here is the raw data:

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From these results we can immediately tell that the larger Tokyo Marui BBs made a better seal in the barrel, thus providing higher exit velocities and Excel BBs, being the smallest, had the lowest exit velocities. but only by 7.6fps. Still, this proves that the larger BBs do cause a slight increase in velocity.

Next we calculate the standard deviation for the exit velocities:
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As we can se here from the standard deviation results, Tokyo Marui BBs were the most consistent in terms of exit velocities varying an average of only 1.35fps higher or lower. What this means is that on average, the BB's velocity will be 1.35FPS off from the average velocity of all the bbs giving you a very accurate consecutive shots.

From these results we can conclude that out of these three BBs the tokyo marui branded bbs provided the best seal against the barrel as they were largest and were the most consistent in terms of power. KSC 'perfect' BBs followed a close second and the Madbull Match grade BBs were third leaving Excel BBs and chinese Goldenball BBs as the most inconsistent in terms of power. This is probably caused by the texture of the surface of the bb, with Excel being not as polished as goldenball. But measuring polish on the surface of the BB requires equipment we don't have here at redwolf so however it remains to be seen how these BBs handle accuracy and hop-up.

#2
Est-ce qu'un silencieu fonctionne vraiment sur un AEG?
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There has long been a raging debate in the airsoft community of the effectiveness of silencers on airsoft guns, with some manufacturers claiming them to reduce the muzzle report by as much as 75%, and a large group of the community saying they have no effect at all. To set this debate to rest (or at least provide some sort of middle ground test result) once and for all, We here at Redwolf conducted a test of our own, with a range of 10 different muzzle devices.

Firstly, we needed a test platform. For this we requisitioned a Tokyo Marui M4A1 AEG. At $273 and 280 fps, this is a popular réplique with both new and seasoned veterans of airsoft due to it's adaptability, ergonomics and vast array of aftermarket accessories available. It has a 14mm counter-clockwise thread, convenient for mounting muzzle devices.

As a control, we included a standard m4 birdcage flash hider. This would give us the noise level that the AEG produced on its own and give us something to compare the silenced noise levels to.

We used several products from madbull as they have several interesting muzzle devices. Firstly the Madbull Noise-Maker (otherwise known as the Crazy Bull) which allows you to screw a PET bottle to the end of your réplique. According to the packaging the device makes a good silencer when an uncut bottle is screwed into it with a hole for the BB drilled into the end. So that's what we did.

We used Madbull's Gemtech G5 Silencer to test as it is rather unique. Instead of the usual foam inserts to silence the muzzle report, the Madbull Gemtech G5 uses felt inserts. These are much more durable and sound dampening than foam and it will make an interesting comparison to see how this stacks up against other silencers.

Lastly from Madbull we also tested Madbull's KX3 Noveske Amplifier flash hider to see if that did as was advertised.

To test whether thicker diameter silencers make better silencers we used king arms silencers. This was because they have a convenient range of silencers in both normal and 'slim' variations. Their normal range of 'light weight' silencers is 40mm in diameter and their 'slim' range of silencers are 30mm in diameter. We chose a middle ground length of 200mm as a length for both the slim and the fat silencer. While a 10mm difference in diameter may not seem like much, it makes a large difference in the volume of the silencer with the fat silencer having 80% more volume than the slim one.

To test the effect of length on silencing ability, we used G&P's Stubby silencer, and G&P's extra long M16 silencer. Both of these are foam filled silencers with low density foam inserts a.cting as sound dampening material. The stubby silencer is only 90mm long while the M16 silencer is 230mm long. The M16 silencer is a very nice piece of kit with a choice of markings available and a nifty QD system that is spring loaded to detach and attach very fast. It also comes with it's own stylish Vortex flash hider compatible with the QD system.

In order to se whether it's just the effect of having a device at the end of your réplique that makes the difference, we chose to test a non-silencing tracer silencer from Tokyo Marui. This silencer was not designed to silence at all but rather to illuminate passing BBs in order to make specialized tracer BBs glow. This is a spectacular event to watch during low light situations and a nice accessory for frequent night-gamers.

The PFI smoke cap silencer is another muzzle device not designed specifically for silencing but to ad a smoke effect as each blast of air leaves the muzzle. We included this to test as it works in a similar way to some particular suppressors on real steel guns.

Now with all the equipment ready we then tested the noise output for all the silencers.

All values below are in Decibels.
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The average background noise during the test was 50db and bear in mind that an AEG was used so some noise also came from the motor and gearbox.

Next we subtract the base noise created by the control (88.3db from the M4 with Birdcage Flash hider) from all the other values to find the sound amplitude difference created by the silencers.

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From these results we can see that the most effective silencers were the King Arms fat silencer closely followed by the G&P stubby silencer, initially suggesting that size doesn't really have much to do with the ability to silence.

We can also see that apart from the noise maker and the slim silencer, all the silencers that were designed to silence actually did, immediately dispelling the myth that silencers do nothing. On a similar note, the Madbull Noveske KX3 Amplifier did it's job exceptionally well with the muzzle report being 3.6db louder.

From the two King Arms silencers the results support the conclusion that fatter silencers make better silencers presumably because of a larger volume, but that is not the case. the G&P silencers say otherwise with that larger volumed M16 silencer being 0.2db louder, although that number is statistically to small to say it is significantly louder. Therefore we can conclude that at least for airsoft, fatter silencers, not longer ones, make better silencers.

#3
Snipers : Gas ou Spring?
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Sniper rifles. Many airsoft guns lay claim to this title on the box, and they come in two main flavors; spring and gas. For a long time there have been debates and discussions online about the merits of each platform and which is the better sniper. The two sides each have their good points and bad points and in this article we will discuss them.

Spring snipers are the cheaper option and thus you see more of them on the field. several companies make spring snipers including Tokyo Marui's VSR10, Maruzen's APS series, and the Sun Project M40. There are many more but the basic concept of them is simple. You pull a bolt which locks a spring inside it in a compressed and tight position, then pull the trigger to release the tension in the spring and propel forward a piston forcing air behind a BB and through the barrel. This is the most simple sniping solution, and it works. It provides an accurate stable sniping platform that can provide consistent groupings and always hit a man sized target at good range.

There are three main disadvantages going against spring sniper rifles. First and most noticeable is the stiff bolt pull. Due to the nature of the design, the energy for the shot comes from you manually bulling back the spring between every shot. For lower powered snipers this is not much of a problem as the spring is weak but for serious, upgraded, sniping, this can become a problem as it tires your arm quite quickly if you need to make many successive shots. The stronger the spring, the stronger the shock as it hits the front of the cylinder. This sends reverberations throughout the réplique and vibrates the barrel. this vibration is detrimental to the réplique's accuracy and can cause the occasional shot to stray wildly off target. This phenomenon present on all guns, and this is what prevents the groupings from being as tight as they could be. The third and final disadvantage is the long cylinder. The long cylinder means that the magazine must be located in front of it, being both unrealistic and shortening the potential barrel length. Despite these disadvantages, the spring sniping platform is still the one of the most popular sniping platforms out there.

Gas powered sniper rifles are more commonly seen among the more weathered snipers in the field. This could be due to their higher cost and complexity of use. Gas sniper rifles have found soft spots in sniper's hearts and minds (no pun intended) due to a more realistic action and a lighter bolt pull. They also make a nicer sound when fired. Gas powered snipers are often push-cocking. which means the firing pin is cocked as the bolt is pushed forward. The push cocking mechanism and lack of long spring means that the magazine can be located further back on the réplique, in the same location of the real réplique. This results in a longer barrel length as the barrel can start from a further back position.

This variety of rifles comes with it's own array of disadvantages. Even though there is little vibration in the réplique as it shoots, the gas expansion that is required to propel the BB causes the liquid gas in the gas reservoir to cool down. This in turn causes the pressure to drop and thus the power of the subsequent shot to be lower than the previous if the magazine (or other gas storage solution) is not allowed to return to the original temperature. This temperature dependancy extends to the entire rifle performance itself. In winter conditions and high humidity all gas guns do not perform as well as they can. to demonstrate this fluctuation of power, we fired 15 shots through a chronograph from a gas sniper and a spring sniper. the gas sniper varied between 361 and 418 FPS (57 FPS fluctuation) and the spring sniper remained between a more constant 284 and 296 FPS (12 FPS fluctuation).

To help settle the debate over which makes a better sniper we have chosen two sniper rifles representative of their class and had a face off. Representing gas rifles is the Tanaka L96 covered rifle, at 430 FPS and a barrel length of 640mm. Representing spring rifles is the popular VSR10 from Tokyo Marui, at 300 FPS and a barrel length of 320mm. Both guns were zeroed and both guns were put through about 100 rounds before the test to ?break in? the hop up as is necessary for some airsoft guns fresh out of the box.

A simple accuracy test down a 15meter windless corridor was conducted. And each rifle zeroed and fired through ten shots at a 20cm target. Here are the results:

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The vertical spread of the VSR 10 was only 62mm and the horizontal spread was 59mm. The furthest distance between hits was 78mm. The similarity of the vertical and horizontal deviation attests to a consistent hop-up and the groupings were above average for any stock airsoft réplique fresh out of the box.

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The vertical spread of the L96 covered rifle was a slightly larger 70mm and the horizontal spread was 78mm. The furthest distance between hits was 94mm. This shows the L96 being the slightly less accurate réplique of the two, but not by much.

To draw a conclusion from this test would be hasty as only two guns were tested and only once.

Now we shall look at the reasons behind this difference. The primary difference in the two guns other than one being gas and the other being spring is the length of barrel and type of hop-up. Although the L96's barrel is longer, it has no spacers on it, thus the barrel is left to resonate freely from the impact of the hammer and the shock of the BB traveling through it. This lowers it's accuracy but not by too much as it is a gas weapon and there is less shock from a heavy spring to vibrate the barrel. On the other hand, the VSR's much shorter barrel has a spacer placed in an irregular position, perfect for dampening the vibrations of the strong spring. The major difference in the hop ups is that the Tokyo Marui VSR comes with a V-Hop. That is a hop-up which has a bucking that applies pressure on two points of the BB instead of one, creating a more consistent backspin. The Tanaka L96 doesn't have this. Instead, it has a standard hop-up which applies pressure evenly across the top of the BB to create backspin.

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The proper method to apply spacers is to place it into an irregular position to minimize resonance

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Placing the spacer in the center still allows the barrel to resonate, decreasing accuracy.

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The L96 has no spacers to prevent resonance in the barrel.

Despite the Tanaka L96 having a slight disadvantage in accuracy, it is still a very accurate réplique and much more powerful than the Tokyo Marui VSR. This gives the L96 more range than the VSR straight out of the box. However, the VSR's better hop-up and simpler system gives it more accuracy and reliability. Look for more articles on sniping in the coming future.

#4
Myth buster : Est-ce qu'un canon plus long et une bille plus lourde augmente les fps?
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It is common knowledge that changing your bb weight is a way to change your réplique's FPS but this is more pronounced is gas weapons. Because the gas in the barrel is expanding throughout the entire firing cycle the bb is accelerating for the entire length of the barrel. This means that the change in velocity from having a longer barrel is much more pronounced than on an AEG where the spring and piston provide a more constant push that reaches it's terminal velocity much faster.

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To show the effects of different barrel lengths on the FPS change caused by changing bb weights, we use two G&P Western Arms Official Custom gas blowback armalite based guns. The G&P WOC SPR, and The G&P WOC Tank.

The Barrel length on the SPR does not actually extend all the way to the end for the reasons described above; to keep the power down to a reasonable and skirmishable level. As shown in the picture, the inner barrel ends abruptly at 230 mm down the length of the outer barrel, which is to say about half the length of the outer barrel.

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In the G&P WOC Tank, the barrel extends all the way to the very tip of the inside of the flash-hider and can be seen by looking into the barrel at an angle (don't look directly into any barrel, EVER). It is 170mm in length.

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Each réplique was chronoed 5 times with each weight of bb tested. 0.12g, 0.20g and 0.25g bbs. then the average was taken as the FPS for that weight and réplique. The same magazine was used for both guns to keep the test as accurate and reliable as possible. The temperature during the test was 27.3°C and the relative humidity was 90%.

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Next the FPS was converted to Joules, using the formula K=½(mv²). Or using a convenient converter like the one found in [Vous devez être inscrit et connecté pour voir ce lien]

On the G&P WOC 'Tank' with a 170mm barrel, the lighter BBs caused BB energy to drop by 19% due to it spending less time in the barrel. while on the G&P WOC SPR with a 230mm barrel, it dropped 22%. This just goes to show that changing the BB wight changes the overall muzzle energy quite drastically by lightening the BB. So for those of us skirmishing in CQB conditions, we suggest only using 0.20g BBs to avoid injury.

Using heavier BBs caused the 'Tank's power to rise by 12% and the SPR's power to rise by 10%. Due to the bb staying in the barrel longer and therefore accelerating and building up energy longer.

Using the information will hopefully let players better understand the physics behind gas blowback réplique velocity and power and use this information to skirmish safely.

#5
Myth Buster : Plus de voltage = plus de fps?
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Fact or Fantasy: Does more Voltage give more Power?
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To find the answer to the long debated question: "Does more Voltage mean more Power"? we here at Redwolf have performed a series of tests to find out if increasing the voltage really does increase your power output, read on to find out more!

To test this theory we have brought out 2 AEGs, the long inner barreled G&P M5 RAS and a short inner barreled G&P Tank; to ensure that our guns remain in good working condition, we were only allowed to use an 8.4V and 9.6V battery! Firstly we chronoed the muzzle velocity of the short barreled "Tank" using 0.20g BBs on the lower powered, 8.4V Ni-MH battery.

NOTE: we used the same brand of battery for all tests to keep the results as consistent and fair as possible.
Next we chronoed the "Tank" again using the same setup, except with a higher voltage 9.6V NI-MH battery.
Before we show you the results, let's take a moment to review several theories as to why this phenomenon may occur. The first one is that since a higher voltage increases the rate of fire, the piston's inertia causes it to fly back, compressing the spring for that tiny bit extra to give the forward stroke a little more oomph. The counterpoint to this theory is that if you have ever tried to compress the spring from an AEG you'll know that it's very strong, and makes this an unlikely cause to this phenomena.

The alternate theory says that a faster backstroke sucks more air into the cylinder before the piston's forward stroke, thus moving a greater mass of air on through the nozzle and propelling the BB faster. But it can also be argued that the faster backstroke will have the opposite effect, by causing a slight vacuum of air in the cylinder and thus pushing a lower mass of air through the nozzle.

Now onto the results:
These are the results for the power test on the short barreled "Tank"

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The percentage change from the power at 8.4V to 9.6V was only 0.46%
This is a statistically negligible percentage change and thus this goes to show that on short barreled guns, increasing your voltage will not increase your FPS.

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The results here concur with the short barreled results; the percentage change was only 0.19% which clearly shows that the connection between voltage of the battery, and muzzle velocity of the Airsoft réplique is nonexistent or negligible at best. I think we can safely say that this myth is BUSTED!

#6
Is tighter better?
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCURACY

While many airsoft guns are fairly accurate out of the box already, there are always more demanding players out there with higher expectations. Having an upgraded AEG is part of the psychological grip you want over your opponents, but it's also more satisfying to shoot any weapon when the point of impact is where you intended.

The first thing to do before even touching the internals of the weapon is to choose good BBs and learn to shoot. Even a laser-like tackdriver won't be useful in the field if you shoot junk BBs through it, or if you never fired some shots at targets. Remember, practice for an airsoft game doesn't have to be boring bullseye-plinking from one position. Set up a practical range where you can and shoot big enough targets with your mind on the speed as well! However, that is not the subject of this test.

TEST CONDITIONS

The test was conducted in our office at 23°C and a relative humidity of 57%. Our test weapon was a bog standard Tokyo Marui M733 Commando, and the BBs were chosen for precision and weight: Tokyo Marui 0.3g Superior Grade. A heavy precision made BB is less prone to inconsistencies, so we figured it would reduce the error margin compared to light bulk BBs. The compression was checked after each barrel swap, and 20 BBs were shot between test strings to bed in the hop-up and changes in setting.

Test strings were shot both with the Hop-Up completely off, as well as hop-up turned on enough to make the trajectory of the 0.3g BB straight. Normally Hop-Up has very little effect on muzzle velocity, because the amount of pressure to achieve a good spin for the light and fast 0.2g BB is small. With a heavier BB you need to crank it up because of the higher mass and lower velocity, and even minute changes at higher settings can affect the velocity quite a bit. The results with Hop-Up on are for reference, and do not necessarily reflect differences between any given barrel.

THE THEORY

The theory of improved velocity with a tightbore barrel is quite simple: Because the barrel bore (inner diameter) is smaller, there is a smaller gap between the BB and barrel, which means that less air is wasted blown by the BB. Also as the volume of the barrel is reduced, it is filled more quickly (=pushing the BB out more quickly) by the fixed amount of air displaced by the piston from the cylinder.

The nature of this kind of an improvement is dynamic. In layman's terms it means that the higher velocity you are pushing, the more difference a tightbore will make. Since we used a Tokyo Marui AEG as the standard, the difference is relatively small at this level. With an upgraded skirmish weapon at 450 fps the difference would most likely be bigger, just like aerodynamics matter more in an F1 racing car than your mom's "shopping bag on wheels".

How the Airsoft réplique propels the BB has also an effect on the outcome. Gas pistols benefit from tighter barrels, because they are able to shoot the BB as hard as an AEG from such a short inner barrel. This means that the pressure behind the BB is high, and the reduced blow-by will transfer into velocity more efficiently. For example we've seen a Tokyo Marui 5.1 jump 30 fps higher just by adding a 6.01mm inner barrel! Gas guns are also known to benefit greatly from increased barrel length.

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THE TEST

First up was the original 300mm Tokyo Marui 6.08mm inner barrel. This represents the basic level, and any reduction below this level would not be pleasing from an upgrade part. The consistency was found to be very good already, and the high grade BBs are showing their effect. The velocity figure in brackets with 0.2 grams is an estimate, calculated like this: Energy (in joules) = 1/2 mass * velocity^2. A handy article and online calculator can be found here.

Average velocity with Hop-Up off: 235.8 fps, 0.77J (287.8 fps w. 0.2g)
Average velocity with Hop-Up on: 227.8 fps

Then we moved one step down in nominal size and pulled out the PDI 6.05mm barrel. PDI makes these 303mm long for the same reason dogs lick themselves: Because they can. The original 300mm inner barrel is just a little bit short actually, so it's good to see PDI making decisions of their own instead of blindly following how the original part was made.

Average velocity with Hop-Up off: 240.8 fps, 0.8J (293.4 fps w. 0.2g)
Average velocity with Hop-Up on: 228.4 fps

Next size down is Prometheus with their 6.03mm inner barrel. Prometheus became the mainstream tuning barrel over KM Head and Systema a few years ago, after rumours of the tightness causing jams was debunked. While precision barrels are more sensitive to dirt especially in terms of accuracy, an actual jam requires a badly enough deformed BB or fouled barrel that it would make pretty much any barrel jam. Prometheus also fared very well in a recent German test, especially in terms of roundness and true diameter. They are popular for a reason.

Average velocity with Hop-Up off: 238.4 fps, 0.79J (291.5 fps w. 0.2g)
Average velocity with Hop-Up on: 224.0 fps

Finally the tightest barrel is again made by PDI, this time in 6.01mm size. All PDI inner barrels and cylinders are cold-hammer forged, which is the same method as used to manufacture real sniper rifle barrels. The barrel is hammered from four sides by a hydraulic machine, while a round form is kept inside to produce the shape: Rifled for real rifles, round for PDI. This machinery costs more than a decent apartment and nice car in most parts of the world, and in our opinion the results are the finest in the market.

Average velocity with Hop-Up off: 247.0 fps, 0.85J (302.4 fps w. 0.2g)
Average velocity with Hop-Up on: 235.4 fps

CONCLUSIONS

What we witnessed here was pretty much as expected: A standard 6.08 barrel gave the lowest velocity, while the tightest 6.01 yielded the highest results, pushing the standard Tokyo Marui M733 Commando from 287 to 302 fps. The middle-ground is held by 6.03-6.05mm inner barrels, and their difference was neglible - although surprisingly for the benefit of 6.05mm one. While the primary reason for precision barrels is to gain accuracy, they also make your Airsoft réplique more efficient as an often desired side-effect. It is important to notice that the results would vary with the power level as well as power source of the weapon, and possibly barrel length as well. It's a huge uncharted area, but here's a first step to prove that the talk about precision barrels isn't old wive's tales!

Thanks for reading!

Original velocity table for raw data:
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